![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() IWS also limits personal freedom, especially for women who are usually in charge of collecting water for the household, and is indicative of social inequity ( Caprara et al. Nonetheless, the World Health Organization considers IWS to be a major source of contamination as it imposes serious health hazards ( Kumpel & Nelson 2016). The annual losses and the operating costs also remarkably increased ( Charalambous & Laspidou 2017). For instance, a study conducted in 2012 has shown that the use of IWS in drought conditions in Lemesos, Cyprus, led to tripling the number of pipe breaks, and doubling that of service connections that have led to more water losses. This is an illusion, as IWS imposes various technical, social, health, and financial problems that intensify with time, leading to a vicious cycle with higher operation and management costs, more leakages, increased deterioration of the infrastructure, and thus an increase in the gap between supply and demand ( Rouse 2013 Ilaya-Ayza et al. Water operators in many developing countries see intermittent water supply (IWS) as a ‘practical’ solution to cope with the increase in domestic water demand.
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